\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {0.1}Introduction}{2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {0.2}Notational Conventions}{2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}How to run Prolog}{3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Getting Started}{3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2}Reading in Programs}{3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3}Inserting Clauses at the Terminal}{4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4}Directives: Queries and Commands}{4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.5}Syntax Errors}{6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6}Undefined Predicates}{6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.7}Program Execution And Interruption}{6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.8}Exiting From The Interpreter}{7}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.9}Nested Executions---Break and Abort}{7}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.10}Saving and Restoring Program States}{7}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.11}Emacs Interface}{8}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Debugging}{9}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}The Procedure Box Control Flow Model}{9}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Basic Debugging Predicates}{10}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Tracing}{11}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4}Spy-points}{11}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5}Format of Debugging messages}{12}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6}Options available during Debugging}{12}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7}Consulting during Debugging}{14}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8}Advanced Debugging Predicates}{14}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Loading Programs}{14}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Predicates which Load Code}{14}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Declarations}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Pitfalls of File-To-File Compilation}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Indexing}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5}Tail Recursion Optimization}{15}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Built-In Predicates}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Input / Output}{16}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.1}Reading-in Programs}{16}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.2}Input and Output of Terms}{16}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.3}Character Input/Output}{18}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.4}Stream IO}{18}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.5}Socket IO}{19}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.6}DEC-10 Prolog File IO}{19}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Arithmetic}{19}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Comparison of Terms}{22}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}Control}{23}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5}Error and Exception Handling}{24}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6}Information about the State of the Program}{25}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7}Meta-Logic}{25}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8}Modification of the Program}{27}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.9}Internal Database}{28}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.10}All Solutions}{29}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.11}Debugging}{30}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.12}Execution Profiling}{30}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.13}Definite Clause Grammars}{30}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.14}Miscellaneous}{31}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}The Module System}{31}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Coroutining Facilities}{31}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}Mixing C and Prolog}{31}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8}The Prolog Language}{31}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.1}Syntax, Terminology and Informal Semantics}{32}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {8.1.1}Terms}{32}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {8.1.2}Programs}{34}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2}Declarative Semantics}{36}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3}Procedural Semantics}{36}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4}Occur Check}{37}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.5}The Cut Symbol}{38}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.6}Operators}{38}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.7}Syntax Restrictions}{40}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.8}Comments}{41}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.9}Full Prolog Syntax}{41}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9}Programming Examples}{41}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10}Summary of Built-In Predicates}{41}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11}Standard Operators}{51}